Spelling & Vocabulary — every week of the year.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. geography
2. 02. geology
3. 03. geometry
4. 04. hemisphere
5. 05. latitude
6. 06. longitude
7. 07. equator
8. 08. climate
9. 09. continent
10. 10. civilization
11. 11. fertile
12. 12. surplus

Vocabulary (8)

• hemispheren.social

  Half of the Earth, divided by the equator or prime meridian.

  e.g. Egypt lies in the Eastern Hemisphere.

• fertileadj.social

  Land that can produce abundant crops.

  e.g. The Nile floodplain was extraordinarily fertile.

• surplusn.social

  More of something than is needed.

  e.g. A grain surplus allowed Sumer to feed non-farmers.

• ration.math

  A comparison of two quantities by division.

  e.g. The ratio of cups of flour to sugar is 3 to 1.

• inferencen.ela

  A conclusion reached by reasoning from evidence.

  e.g. Make an inference about why the author chose that word.

• organismn.science

  Any living thing.

  e.g. A cell is the smallest unit of an organism.

• cuneiformn.social

  The wedge-shaped writing of ancient Sumer.

  e.g. Scribes pressed cuneiform into clay tablets.

• evidencen.ela

  Facts or details that support a claim.

  e.g. Cite text evidence in your response.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. civilization
2. 02. irrigation
3. 03. invention
4. 04. population
5. 05. tradition
6. 06. occupation
7. 07. religion
8. 08. ziggurat
9. 09. scribe
10. 10. city-state
11. 11. polytheism
12. 12. ration

Vocabulary (8)

• zigguratn.social

  A stepped pyramid-temple in ancient Mesopotamia.

  e.g. The ziggurat of Ur towered over the city.

• scriben.social

  A person trained to read and write.

  e.g. Only scribes mastered the hundreds of cuneiform signs.

• polytheismn.social

  Belief in many gods.

  e.g. Sumerian religion was polytheistic.

• irrigationn.social

  Supplying water to crops through canals.

  e.g. Irrigation made farming possible between the rivers.

• unit raten.math

  A ratio comparing a quantity to one unit.

  e.g. 60 miles per hour is a unit rate.

• themen.ela

  The central idea or message of a story.

  e.g. Identify the theme of the myth.

• reproductionn.science

  Producing offspring.

  e.g. Cells divide as part of reproduction.

• artifactn.social

  An object made by humans, often from long ago.

  e.g. Archaeologists study artifacts to understand the past.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. legal
2. 02. legislate
3. 03. legislator
4. 04. lawful
5. 05. justice
6. 06. judge
7. 07. code
8. 08. empire
9. 09. decree
10. 10. tribute
11. 11. tablet
12. 12. stele

Vocabulary (8)

• coden.social

  An organized collection of laws.

  e.g. Hammurabi's Code listed crimes and punishments.

• empiren.social

  A group of territories ruled by one government.

  e.g. Babylon ruled a Mesopotamian empire.

• tributen.social

  Payment made by a weaker state to a stronger one.

  e.g. Conquered cities paid tribute to Babylon.

• equivalentadj.math

  Equal in value.

  e.g. 1/2 and 3/6 are equivalent fractions.

• justicen.social

  Fair treatment under the law.

  e.g. The code claimed to bring justice to the weak.

• dialoguen.ela

  Conversation between characters in a text.

  e.g. Use dialogue to reveal character.

• celln.science

  The basic unit of life.

  e.g. Plant cells have a cell wall.

• monarchn.social

  A king or queen who rules a state.

  e.g. Hammurabi was the monarch of Babylon.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. pyramid
2. 02. hydrate
3. 03. hydrology
4. 04. dehydrate
5. 05. Nile
6. 06. pharaoh
7. 07. delta
8. 08. cataract
9. 09. papyrus
10. 10. sphinx
11. 11. tomb
12. 12. dynasty

Vocabulary (8)

• pharaohn.social

  The ruler of ancient Egypt.

  e.g. The pharaoh was seen as a god on earth.

• deltan.social

  A triangular landform at a river's mouth.

  e.g. The Nile Delta fans out into the Mediterranean.

• dynastyn.social

  A line of rulers from the same family.

  e.g. The Old Kingdom included three major dynasties.

• papyrusn.social

  A paper-like material made from reeds.

  e.g. Scribes wrote on papyrus scrolls.

• percentn.math

  A ratio out of one hundred.

  e.g. Forty percent means 40 out of 100.

• characterizationn.ela

  How an author reveals a character.

  e.g. Direct characterization tells; indirect shows.

• photosynthesisn.science

  How plants use sunlight to make food.

  e.g. Photosynthesis releases oxygen.

• hieroglyphn.social

  A picture symbol used in Egyptian writing.

  e.g. Each hieroglyph could stand for a sound or idea.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. mythology
2. 02. archaeology
3. 03. biology
4. 04. theology
5. 05. afterlife
6. 06. mummify
7. 07. embalm
8. 08. sarcophagus
9. 09. amulet
10. 10. ritual
11. 11. deity
12. 12. scarab

Vocabulary (8)

• mummifyv.social

  To preserve a body for burial.

  e.g. Priests mummified pharaohs for the afterlife.

• afterlifen.social

  Continued existence after death.

  e.g. Egyptians prepared carefully for the afterlife.

• deityn.social

  A god or goddess.

  e.g. Ra was the sun deity.

• ritualn.social

  A set of actions performed in a religious ceremony.

  e.g. Daily rituals honored temple deities.

• raten.math

  A ratio comparing two different units.

  e.g. Miles per gallon is a rate.

• symbolismn.ela

  Using objects to represent ideas.

  e.g. The scarab is a symbol of rebirth.

• respirationn.science

  How cells release energy from food.

  e.g. Cellular respiration uses oxygen.

• archaeologyn.social

  The study of past peoples through their remains.

  e.g. Archaeology uncovered the tomb of Tutankhamun.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. transport
2. 02. transmit
3. 03. translate
4. 04. transition
5. 05. obelisk
6. 06. temple
7. 07. chariot
8. 08. Nubia
9. 09. trade
10. 10. barter
11. 11. scribe
12. 12. vizier

Vocabulary (8)

• viziern.social

  The chief advisor to a pharaoh.

  e.g. The vizier ran the kingdom day to day.

• barterv.social

  To trade goods without using money.

  e.g. Egyptians bartered grain for cedar wood.

• obeliskn.social

  A tall, four-sided stone pillar.

  e.g. Obelisks honored the sun god Ra.

• chariotn.social

  A two-wheeled cart pulled by horses.

  e.g. Chariots gave New Kingdom armies an edge.

• proportionn.math

  An equation stating two ratios are equal.

  e.g. Solve the proportion to find x.

• conflictn.ela

  A struggle between forces in a story.

  e.g. External conflict is character vs. world.

• ecosystemn.science

  A community of living things and their environment.

  e.g. The Nile is the heart of an ancient ecosystem.

• hierarchyn.social

  A ranked system of people or things.

  e.g. Egyptian society had a clear hierarchy.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. aquatic
2. 02. aqueduct
3. 03. urban
4. 04. urbanize
5. 05. monsoon
6. 06. citadel
7. 07. drainage
8. 08. seal
9. 09. subcontinent
10. 10. Mohenjo-daro
11. 11. Harappa
12. 12. granary

Vocabulary (8)

• citadeln.social

  A fortified part of a city.

  e.g. Mohenjo-daro's citadel sat on a high mound.

• monsoonn.social

  A seasonal wind that brings heavy rain.

  e.g. Indus farmers depended on the monsoon.

• granaryn.social

  A storehouse for grain.

  e.g. Large granaries showed Harappan organization.

• subcontinentn.social

  A large landmass smaller than a continent.

  e.g. India sits on the Indian subcontinent.

• equationn.math

  A statement that two expressions are equal.

  e.g. Write an equation to model the problem.

• plotn.ela

  The sequence of events in a story.

  e.g. The plot rises to a climax.

• geneticsn.science

  The study of how traits pass from parent to child.

  e.g. Genetics explains why offspring resemble parents.

• urbanadj.social

  Of or relating to a city.

  e.g. Indus cities had urban planning.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. knowledge
2. 02. knight
3. 03. wreath
4. 04. wrist
5. 05. bronze
6. 06. oracle
7. 07. ancestor
8. 08. Yellow
9. 09. loess
10. 10. jade
11. 11. calligraphy
12. 12. Mandate

Vocabulary (8)

• oraclen.social

  A message believed to come from a god.

  e.g. Shang kings read oracle bones to predict the future.

• ancestorn.social

  A family member from long ago.

  e.g. Shang people honored their ancestors.

• dynastyn.social

  A series of rulers from one family.

  e.g. The Shang Dynasty ruled China for centuries.

• calligraphyn.ela

  The art of beautiful writing.

  e.g. Chinese calligraphy uses a brush and ink.

• variablen.math

  A letter that stands for an unknown number.

  e.g. Let x be the variable.

• settingn.ela

  When and where a story takes place.

  e.g. The setting is Bronze Age China.

• traitn.science

  A feature passed from parents to offspring.

  e.g. Eye color is an inherited trait.

• bronzen.social

  An alloy of copper and tin.

  e.g. Bronze weapons gave the Shang an advantage.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. civilization
2. 02. geography
3. 03. irrigation
4. 04. pyramid
5. 05. dynasty
6. 06. hierarchy
7. 07. archaeology
8. 08. monsoon
9. 09. ancestor
10. 10. surplus
11. 11. scribe
12. 12. polytheism

Vocabulary (8)

• synthesizev.ela

  To combine ideas into a new whole.

  e.g. Synthesize evidence from three sources.

• comparev.ela

  To examine how things are alike.

  e.g. Compare Egypt and Mesopotamia.

• contrastv.ela

  To examine how things differ.

  e.g. Contrast their writing systems.

• sourcen.social

  A document or object that gives information.

  e.g. Primary sources come from the time studied.

• expressionn.math

  A combination of numbers, variables, and operations.

  e.g. 3x + 5 is an expression.

• claimn.ela

  A statement an author wants the reader to accept.

  e.g. State your claim clearly.

• adaptationn.science

  A trait that helps an organism survive.

  e.g. A cactus's spines are an adaptation.

• legacyn.social

  What is handed down from the past.

  e.g. Hammurabi's Code is part of Babylon's legacy.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. nautical
2. 02. astronaut
3. 03. maritime
4. 04. marine
5. 05. Aegean
6. 06. Crete
7. 07. Mycenae
8. 08. labyrinth
9. 09. fresco
10. 10. palace
11. 11. tribute
12. 12. bronze

Vocabulary (8)

• labyrinthn.social

  A maze with many winding passages.

  e.g. The Minotaur lived in the labyrinth.

• frescon.social

  A painting done on wet plaster.

  e.g. Minoan frescoes show dolphins and dancers.

• maritimeadj.social

  Connected to the sea.

  e.g. Crete was a maritime power.

• integern.math

  A whole number, positive, negative, or zero.

  e.g. -3 is an integer.

• absolute valuen.math

  A number's distance from zero.

  e.g. |-5| = 5.

• characterizationn.ela

  How a writer reveals a character.

  e.g. Achilles's pride drives the plot.

• pollinationn.science

  The transfer of pollen between flowers.

  e.g. Bees aid pollination.

• collapsen.social

  A sudden failure of a system.

  e.g. The Bronze Age collapse ended many kingdoms.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. polis
2. 02. politics
3. 03. metropolis
4. 04. policy
5. 05. citizen
6. 06. agora
7. 07. acropolis
8. 08. oligarchy
9. 09. tyrant
10. 10. assembly
11. 11. colony
12. 12. phalanx

Vocabulary (8)

• polisn.social

  An independent Greek city-state.

  e.g. Athens was the largest polis.

• agoran.social

  A Greek marketplace and gathering place.

  e.g. Citizens debated in the agora.

• acropolisn.social

  A fortified hilltop in a Greek city.

  e.g. The Parthenon stands on the acropolis.

• tyrantn.social

  A ruler who took power by force.

  e.g. Some early tyrants were popular at first.

• oppositen.math

  A number the same distance from zero in the other direction.

  e.g. The opposite of 7 is -7.

• tonen.ela

  The author's attitude toward the subject.

  e.g. The tone is mournful.

• phenotypen.science

  An organism's observable traits.

  e.g. Tall is a phenotype.

• phalanxn.social

  A tight formation of Greek soldiers.

  e.g. Hoplites fought in a phalanx.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. monarchy
2. 02. oligarchy
3. 03. democracy
4. 04. aristocracy
5. 05. tyranny
6. 06. helot
7. 07. ephor
8. 08. barracks
9. 09. council
10. 10. discipline
11. 11. education
12. 12. rivalry

Vocabulary (8)

• democracyn.social

  Government in which citizens vote.

  e.g. Athens developed direct democracy.

• oligarchyn.social

  Rule by a small group.

  e.g. Sparta was effectively an oligarchy.

• helotn.social

  An enslaved worker in Sparta.

  e.g. Helots farmed the land Spartans owned.

• disciplinen.social

  Training to obey rules.

  e.g. Spartan boys learned discipline from age seven.

• coordinaten.math

  A number that locates a point.

  e.g. (3, -2) gives the point's coordinates.

• quadrantn.math

  One of four regions of the coordinate plane.

  e.g. Point (1,1) is in quadrant I.

• argumentn.ela

  A claim supported by reasons and evidence.

  e.g. Build a written argument.

• rivalryn.social

  Long competition between two sides.

  e.g. Athens and Sparta's rivalry shaped Greece.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. satrap
2. 02. satrapy
3. 03. Persia
4. 04. Marathon
5. 05. Thermopylae
6. 06. Salamis
7. 07. trireme
8. 08. tribute
9. 09. empire
10. 10. messenger
11. 11. courier
12. 12. invasion

Vocabulary (8)

• satrapn.social

  A regional governor in the Persian Empire.

  e.g. Each satrap collected tribute for the king.

• triremen.social

  A Greek warship with three rows of oars.

  e.g. Athenian triremes won at Salamis.

• invasionn.social

  An armed entry into another land.

  e.g. The Persian invasion was repelled at Marathon.

• tributen.social

  Payment from a weaker state to a stronger one.

  e.g. Persian provinces paid annual tribute.

• inequalityn.math

  A statement comparing values with <, >, ≤, or ≥.

  e.g. x > 5 is an inequality.

• evidencen.ela

  Details that support a claim.

  e.g. Quote evidence from the text.

• genotypen.science

  The genetic makeup of an organism.

  e.g. Genotype determines phenotype.

• alliancen.social

  An agreement between states to help one another.

  e.g. Greek city-states formed an alliance.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. democracy
2. 02. demographic
3. 03. epidemic
4. 04. Pericles
5. 05. Parthenon
6. 06. assembly
7. 07. jury
8. 08. ostracism
9. 09. philosopher
10. 10. drama
11. 11. tragedy
12. 12. comedy

Vocabulary (8)

• assemblyn.social

  A meeting of citizens to make decisions.

  e.g. Athenian men met in the assembly.

• juryn.social

  A group of citizens who decide a case.

  e.g. Athenian juries could have hundreds of members.

• ostracismn.social

  Exile by a vote of citizens.

  e.g. Ostracism removed dangerous politicians.

• tragedyn.ela

  A serious drama with a sad ending.

  e.g. Sophocles wrote tragedies.

• formulan.math

  A rule written with symbols.

  e.g. A = lw is the formula for area.

• perimetern.math

  The distance around a shape.

  e.g. Add the sides to find the perimeter.

• dialoguen.ela

  Words spoken between characters.

  e.g. Greek drama uses dialogue and chorus.

• citizenn.social

  A member of a state with rights and duties.

  e.g. Only adult men were citizens in Athens.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. philosophy
2. 02. philosopher
3. 03. sophisticated
4. 04. Socrates
5. 05. Plato
6. 06. Aristotle
7. 07. academy
8. 08. logic
9. 09. ethics
10. 10. rhetoric
11. 11. reason
12. 12. wisdom

Vocabulary (8)

• philosophyn.social

  The study of basic questions about life.

  e.g. Greek philosophy asks 'how should we live?'

• logicn.ela

  Careful reasoning.

  e.g. Aristotle wrote books on logic.

• ethicsn.social

  The study of right and wrong.

  e.g. Socrates focused on ethics.

• rhetoricn.ela

  The art of persuasive speaking or writing.

  e.g. Study rhetoric to write strong essays.

• arean.math

  The amount of space inside a 2-D shape.

  e.g. Multiply length by width for area.

• polygonn.math

  A closed shape with straight sides.

  e.g. A hexagon is a six-sided polygon.

• dialoguen.ela

  A back-and-forth conversation.

  e.g. Plato wrote in dialogue form.

• reasonn.ela

  A statement that explains a claim.

  e.g. Give two reasons for your opinion.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. theology
2. 02. theater
3. 03. mythology
4. 04. mythical
5. 05. Olympus
6. 06. Olympics
7. 07. chorus
8. 08. muse
9. 09. hero
10. 10. epic
11. 11. mask
12. 12. amphitheater

Vocabulary (8)

• mythn.ela

  A traditional story explaining beliefs.

  e.g. Greek myths feature gods and heroes.

• heron.ela

  The main character who shows courage.

  e.g. Odysseus is a Greek hero.

• chorusn.ela

  A group that comments on the action of a play.

  e.g. The chorus warned the king.

• amphitheatern.social

  An open-air theater shaped like a half-circle.

  e.g. Greeks built amphitheaters into hillsides.

• volumen.math

  The space inside a 3-D shape.

  e.g. Multiply length × width × height for a prism.

• netn.math

  A flat pattern that folds into a 3-D shape.

  e.g. Draw the net of a cube.

• musen.ela

  A Greek goddess of an art form.

  e.g. Poets called on the muse for inspiration.

• epicn.ela

  A long narrative poem about a hero.

  e.g. The Odyssey is an epic.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. hyperlink
2. 02. hyperactive
3. 03. Hellenistic
4. 04. Alexandria
5. 05. Macedon
6. 06. phalanx
7. 07. conquest
8. 08. library
9. 09. lighthouse
10. 10. diadochi
11. 11. cosmopolitan
12. 12. fusion

Vocabulary (8)

• conquestn.social

  Taking control of a place by force.

  e.g. Alexander's conquests reached India.

• Hellenisticadj.social

  Influenced by Greek culture after Alexander.

  e.g. Alexandria was a Hellenistic capital.

• cosmopolitanadj.social

  Including people from many cultures.

  e.g. Alexandria was cosmopolitan.

• fusionn.social

  The blending of two or more things.

  e.g. Hellenistic art shows cultural fusion.

• surface arean.math

  The total area of a 3-D shape's faces.

  e.g. Add the areas of every face.

• mediann.math

  The middle value in an ordered data set.

  e.g. The median resists outliers.

• narrativen.ela

  A story with characters and events.

  e.g. Write a personal narrative.

• libraryn.social

  A collection of writings.

  e.g. The Library of Alexandria held thousands of scrolls.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. republic
2. 02. republican
3. 03. public
4. 04. publish
5. 05. senate
6. 06. consul
7. 07. patrician
8. 08. plebeian
9. 09. tribune
10. 10. forum
11. 11. Romulus
12. 12. Etruscan

Vocabulary (8)

• republicn.social

  A government in which citizens elect representatives.

  e.g. Rome was a republic for 500 years.

• senaten.social

  A body of elder lawmakers.

  e.g. Rome's Senate had 300 members.

• patriciann.social

  A member of Rome's noble class.

  e.g. Patricians dominated early Roman politics.

• plebeiann.social

  A common Roman citizen.

  e.g. Plebeians fought for political rights.

• meann.math

  The average of a data set.

  e.g. Add the values and divide by the count.

• rangen.math

  The difference between greatest and least.

  e.g. Range = max − min.

• argumentativeadj.ela

  Aimed at supporting a claim.

  e.g. Write an argumentative paragraph.

• forumn.social

  Rome's central public square.

  e.g. The Forum was the heart of Roman life.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. military
2. 02. militia
3. 03. legion
4. 04. legionnaire
5. 05. centurion
6. 06. veteran
7. 07. Carthage
8. 08. Punic
9. 09. Hannibal
10. 10. elephant
11. 11. province
12. 12. conquer

Vocabulary (8)

• legionn.social

  A unit of about 5,000 Roman soldiers.

  e.g. Each legion carried its own eagle standard.

• centurionn.social

  A Roman officer in charge of about 80 soldiers.

  e.g. Centurions led from the front.

• provincen.social

  A region of an empire ruled by a governor.

  e.g. Hispania became a Roman province.

• conquerv.social

  To take control by force.

  e.g. Rome conquered Carthage after three wars.

• variabilityn.math

  How spread out a data set is.

  e.g. Range and IQR measure variability.

• histogramn.math

  A bar graph showing data ranges.

  e.g. Group ages into bins on a histogram.

• counterclaimn.ela

  An opposing claim in an argument.

  e.g. Address the counterclaim fairly.

• strategyn.social

  A plan for reaching a goal.

  e.g. Hannibal's strategy used surprise.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. disorder
2. 02. dissent
3. 03. conspire
4. 04. conflict
5. 05. civil
6. 06. dictator
7. 07. triumvirate
8. 08. Caesar
9. 09. Pompey
10. 10. Brutus
11. 11. assassination
12. 12. crisis

Vocabulary (8)

• dictatorn.social

  A leader with absolute power.

  e.g. Caesar was named dictator for life.

• triumviraten.social

  A government by three people.

  e.g. The First Triumvirate split power three ways.

• civil warn.social

  War between citizens of the same country.

  e.g. Caesar's civil war ended the Republic.

• assassinationn.social

  The murder of a public figure.

  e.g. The assassination shocked Rome.

• box plotn.math

  A graph showing the spread of data.

  e.g. A box plot displays quartiles.

• IQRn.math

  The middle 50% of a data set.

  e.g. IQR = Q3 − Q1.

• perspectiven.ela

  The viewpoint from which a story is told.

  e.g. Whose perspective is missing?

• crisisn.social

  A time of great danger or trouble.

  e.g. The Republic faced a long political crisis.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. pacify
2. 02. pacific
3. 03. peace
4. 04. treaty
5. 05. emperor
6. 06. imperial
7. 07. Augustus
8. 08. Senate
9. 09. census
10. 10. tribute
11. 11. frontier
12. 12. denarius

Vocabulary (8)

• emperorn.social

  The supreme ruler of an empire.

  e.g. Augustus became Rome's first emperor.

• Pax Romanan.social

  A long period of Roman peace.

  e.g. The Pax Romana lasted about 200 years.

• censusn.social

  An official count of a population.

  e.g. Rome's census tracked taxpayers.

• frontiern.social

  The border of a country or empire.

  e.g. Legions guarded the frontier.

• statisticsn.math

  The study of data.

  e.g. Statistics summarize a data set.

• distributionn.math

  How data values are spread out.

  e.g. Describe the distribution's shape.

• inferencen.ela

  A conclusion supported by evidence.

  e.g. Make an inference about the speaker.

• infrastructuren.social

  Basic systems like roads and water.

  e.g. Roman infrastructure linked the empire.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. structure
2. 02. construct
3. 03. instruction
4. 04. destruction
5. 05. aqueduct
6. 06. viaduct
7. 07. Colosseum
8. 08. Pantheon
9. 09. concrete
10. 10. arch
11. 11. vault
12. 12. insula

Vocabulary (8)

• aqueductn.social

  A channel that carries water across distance.

  e.g. Aqueducts fed Roman fountains.

• Colosseumn.social

  Rome's great amphitheater.

  e.g. Gladiators fought in the Colosseum.

• archn.social

  A curved structure that supports weight.

  e.g. The Roman arch made huge buildings possible.

• insulan.social

  A Roman apartment block.

  e.g. Most Romans rented rooms in an insula.

• equationn.math

  A statement showing equality.

  e.g. x + 4 = 10 is an equation.

• solutionn.math

  The value that makes an equation true.

  e.g. x = 6 is the solution.

• explanatoryadj.ela

  Aimed at explaining something.

  e.g. Write an explanatory essay.

• plumbingn.social

  A system of pipes for water.

  e.g. Roman plumbing used lead pipes.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. Buddhism
2. 02. Confucianism
3. 03. Daoism
4. 04. Legalism
5. 05. humanism
6. 06. scholar
7. 07. civil-service
8. 08. examination
9. 09. silk
10. 10. porcelain
11. 11. compass
12. 12. abacus

Vocabulary (8)

• Confucianismn.social

  A Chinese system of ethical teachings.

  e.g. Confucianism stressed family and order.

• civil servicen.social

  Government jobs filled by trained officials.

  e.g. Han China created a civil service.

• examinationn.social

  A test, often for government jobs.

  e.g. Officials passed examinations to serve.

• scholarn.social

  A learned person who studies a subject.

  e.g. Han scholars copied old texts.

• expressionn.math

  Numbers and variables combined with operations.

  e.g. 2x + 3 is an expression.

• inequalityn.math

  A comparison using <, >, ≤, or ≥.

  e.g. x ≥ 0 is an inequality.

• translatev.ela

  To put words into another language.

  e.g. Translate the Chinese phrase.

• monopolyn.social

  Complete control of a good or service.

  e.g. The Han state held a salt monopoly.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. interact
2. 02. international
3. 03. intercept
4. 04. intermediate
5. 05. caravan
6. 06. oasis
7. 07. Bactria
8. 08. Samarkand
9. 09. Kashgar
10. 10. merchant
11. 11. exchange
12. 12. diffusion

Vocabulary (8)

• caravann.social

  A group of merchants traveling together.

  e.g. Caravans crossed deserts together.

• oasisn.social

  A fertile spot in a desert.

  e.g. An oasis offered water and rest.

• merchantn.social

  A person who buys and sells goods.

  e.g. Silk Road merchants linked east and west.

• diffusionn.social

  The spread of ideas or goods.

  e.g. Paper spread by cultural diffusion.

• dependent variablen.math

  A value that depends on another.

  e.g. Distance depends on time.

• independent variablen.math

  A value that does not depend on another.

  e.g. Time is the independent variable.

• sourcen.ela

  Where information comes from.

  e.g. Cite your sources.

• exchangen.social

  Giving one thing for another.

  e.g. The Silk Road enabled exchange.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. enlighten
2. 02. enlightenment
3. 03. monastery
4. 04. monastic
5. 05. Buddha
6. 06. Dharma
7. 07. karma
8. 08. Nirvana
9. 09. Sangha
10. 10. stupa
11. 11. pilgrim
12. 12. missionary

Vocabulary (8)

• enlightenmentn.social

  A state of deep spiritual understanding.

  e.g. The Buddha sought enlightenment.

• monasteryn.social

  A building where monks live.

  e.g. Monks lived and studied in a monastery.

• karman.social

  The idea that actions shape future lives.

  e.g. Good karma comes from good actions.

• pilgrimn.social

  A person who travels to a holy place.

  e.g. Pilgrims visited Buddhist stupas.

• tablen.math

  A chart of values.

  e.g. Use a table to find patterns.

• graphn.math

  A picture of a relationship between variables.

  e.g. Graph the equation.

• paraphrasev.ela

  To restate in your own words.

  e.g. Paraphrase the paragraph.

• missionaryn.social

  A person who spreads a religion.

  e.g. Buddhist missionaries crossed the Silk Road.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. Christ
2. 02. Christian
3. 03. Christianity
4. 04. apostle
5. 05. disciple
6. 06. Gospel
7. 07. Bible
8. 08. martyr
9. 09. persecution
10. 10. Roman
11. 11. Constantine
12. 12. Edict

Vocabulary (8)

• apostlen.social

  One of the first followers of Jesus.

  e.g. Paul became an apostle.

• martyrn.social

  Someone killed for their beliefs.

  e.g. Early Christian martyrs faced lions.

• persecutionn.social

  Being punished for beliefs.

  e.g. Roman persecution lasted on and off for centuries.

• Gospeln.social

  A book about the life of Jesus.

  e.g. There are four Gospels in the New Testament.

• formulan.math

  A rule using symbols.

  e.g. C = πd is a formula.

• ration.math

  A comparison of two values.

  e.g. The ratio is 3 to 5.

• argumentn.ela

  A claim supported by reasoning.

  e.g. Build a clear argument.

• edictn.social

  An official command from a ruler.

  e.g. Constantine's Edict allowed Christian worship.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. invasion
2. 02. inflation
3. 03. decline
4. 04. decay
5. 05. barbarian
6. 06. Visigoth
7. 07. Vandal
8. 08. Hun
9. 09. frontier
10. 10. tax
11. 11. currency
12. 12. Diocletian

Vocabulary (8)

• inflationn.social

  A general rise in prices.

  e.g. Rome suffered terrible inflation.

• barbariann.social

  A Roman term for outsiders.

  e.g. Romans called Germanic tribes barbarians.

• currencyn.social

  Money used in trade.

  e.g. Rome's silver currency lost value.

• frontiern.social

  The edge of an empire.

  e.g. Frontier defense became too costly.

• reviewn.math

  Practice of skills already learned.

  e.g. Use review problems to study.

• synthesisn.ela

  Combining ideas into a new whole.

  e.g. Write a synthesis paragraph.

• declinen.social

  A gradual fall in strength.

  e.g. Rome's decline took centuries.

• legacyn.social

  What is handed down from the past.

  e.g. Roman law is part of Rome's legacy.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. orthodox
2. 02. orthodontist
3. 03. icon
4. 04. iconic
5. 05. Byzantine
6. 06. Constantinople
7. 07. Hagia
8. 08. Sophia
9. 09. mosaic
10. 10. schism
11. 11. Justinian
12. 12. empress

Vocabulary (8)

• Orthodoxadj.social

  Following accepted religious tradition.

  e.g. The Eastern Orthodox Church split from Rome.

• iconn.social

  A religious image used in worship.

  e.g. Byzantine icons used gold backgrounds.

• schismn.social

  A formal split, especially in a church.

  e.g. The Great Schism divided Christianity.

• mosaicn.social

  A picture made of small colored tiles.

  e.g. Byzantine churches glowed with mosaics.

• scalen.math

  A ratio between a drawing and real size.

  e.g. 1 cm on the map = 1 km.

• scale drawingn.math

  A drawing that uses a scale.

  e.g. Build a scale drawing of your room.

• settingn.ela

  Where a story happens.

  e.g. The setting is medieval Constantinople.

• empressn.social

  A female ruler of an empire.

  e.g. Empress Theodora advised Justinian.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. algebra
2. 02. algorithm
3. 03. alchemy
4. 04. alcohol
5. 05. Mecca
6. 06. Medina
7. 07. Quran
8. 08. Muslim
9. 09. caliph
10. 10. Islam
11. 11. Sunni
12. 12. Shia

Vocabulary (8)

• caliphn.social

  A successor to Muhammad as leader.

  e.g. The first caliph was Abu Bakr.

• Qurann.social

  The holy book of Islam.

  e.g. Muslims memorize verses of the Quran.

• mosquen.social

  A Muslim place of worship.

  e.g. Friday prayers gather in the mosque.

• pilgrimagen.social

  A religious journey.

  e.g. The hajj is a pilgrimage to Mecca.

• algebran.math

  A branch of math using symbols.

  e.g. Algebra solves for unknowns.

• variablen.math

  A letter standing for a number.

  e.g. x is a variable.

• nonfictionn.ela

  Writing about real events.

  e.g. Read a nonfiction account.

• monotheismn.social

  Belief in one God.

  e.g. Islam is monotheistic.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. astronomy
2. 02. astrolabe
3. 03. biology
4. 04. biography
5. 05. Baghdad
6. 06. Córdoba
7. 07. scholar
8. 08. translation
9. 09. library
10. 10. observatory
11. 11. algebra
12. 12. algorithm

Vocabulary (8)

• astrolaben.science

  A device for measuring star positions.

  e.g. Sailors used an astrolabe to navigate.

• observatoryn.science

  A place for studying the night sky.

  e.g. Baghdad had a leading observatory.

• scholarn.social

  A serious student of a subject.

  e.g. Scholars translated Greek works into Arabic.

• translationn.ela

  Putting words into another language.

  e.g. Translation preserved ancient knowledge.

• similaradj.math

  Same shape, different size.

  e.g. Similar triangles share angle measures.

• congruentadj.math

  Same shape and same size.

  e.g. Congruent shapes match exactly.

• traden.social

  Buying and selling between regions.

  e.g. Baghdad was a center of trade.

• libraryn.social

  A collection of books.

  e.g. The House of Wisdom held a great library.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. feudal
2. 02. feudalism
3. 03. vassal
4. 04. fief
5. 05. Charlemagne
6. 06. Viking
7. 07. longship
8. 08. monastery
9. 09. manor
10. 10. serf
11. 11. knight
12. 12. lord

Vocabulary (8)

• feudalismn.social

  A system in which land is exchanged for service.

  e.g. Feudalism organized medieval Europe.

• vassaln.social

  A noble who serves a lord in exchange for land.

  e.g. A vassal swore loyalty to his lord.

• fiefn.social

  Land granted to a vassal.

  e.g. Knights held fiefs from their lords.

• serfn.social

  A peasant bound to the land.

  e.g. Serfs farmed the manor's fields.

• probabilityn.math

  How likely an event is to happen.

  e.g. Probability ranges from 0 to 1.

• outcomen.math

  A possible result.

  e.g. List all outcomes of rolling a die.

• draftn.ela

  An early version of a piece of writing.

  e.g. Revise the first draft.

• oathn.social

  A formal promise.

  e.g. The vassal swore an oath of loyalty.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. cathedral
2. 02. Gothic
3. 03. Romanesque
4. 04. spire
5. 05. buttress
6. 06. cloister
7. 07. guild
8. 08. apprentice
9. 09. journeyman
10. 10. fair
11. 11. charter
12. 12. manor

Vocabulary (8)

• cathedraln.social

  A large important church.

  e.g. Notre Dame is a Gothic cathedral.

• guildn.social

  An association of skilled workers.

  e.g. Guilds set prices and trained members.

• apprenticen.social

  A young worker learning a trade.

  e.g. An apprentice trained for seven years.

• chartern.social

  A written grant of rights.

  e.g. Towns won charters from kings.

• eventn.math

  A set of outcomes.

  e.g. Rolling an even number is an event.

• sample spacen.math

  All possible outcomes.

  e.g. The sample space of a coin is {H, T}.

• revisev.ela

  To improve a draft.

  e.g. Revise for clarity and evidence.

• manorn.social

  A lord's estate with its village.

  e.g. The manor was the unit of medieval life.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. invention
2. 02. expansion
3. 03. innovation
4. 04. production
5. 05. porcelain
6. 06. gunpowder
7. 07. compass
8. 08. movable
9. 09. type
10. 10. junk
11. 11. canal
12. 12. tea

Vocabulary (8)

• inventionn.social

  Something newly created.

  e.g. Gunpowder was a Song invention.

• innovationn.social

  A new method or idea.

  e.g. Movable type was a great innovation.

• porcelainn.social

  Hard, white pottery.

  e.g. Chinese porcelain was prized worldwide.

• compassn.science

  A device showing north.

  e.g. The compass changed navigation.

• frequencyn.math

  How often a value occurs.

  e.g. Tally the frequency of each value.

• relative frequencyn.math

  Frequency expressed as a fraction.

  e.g. Relative frequency estimates probability.

• editv.ela

  To correct errors in writing.

  e.g. Edit for spelling and grammar.

• canaln.social

  An artificial waterway.

  e.g. The Grand Canal linked north and south China.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. savanna
2. 02. Sahara
3. 03. Sahel
4. 04. Timbuktu
5. 05. Mali
6. 06. Songhai
7. 07. Ghana
8. 08. Zimbabwe
9. 09. griot
10. 10. salt
11. 11. gold
12. 12. trans-Saharan

Vocabulary (8)

• savannan.social

  Grassland with scattered trees.

  e.g. Mali's savanna supported herds and crops.

• griotn.ela

  A West African storyteller and historian.

  e.g. A griot kept the kingdom's history alive.

• trans-Saharanadj.social

  Across the Sahara desert.

  e.g. Trans-Saharan trade exchanged salt and gold.

• pilgrimagen.social

  A religious journey.

  e.g. Mansa Musa's pilgrimage astonished Cairo.

• estimatev.math

  To find an approximate value.

  e.g. Estimate the sum to the nearest ten.

• simulationn.math

  A model of a real situation.

  e.g. Run a simulation to predict outcomes.

• oral traditionn.ela

  Stories passed down by speech.

  e.g. Oral tradition preserves history.

• kingdomn.social

  A territory ruled by a king.

  e.g. Mali was a vast West African kingdom.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. Mongol
2. 02. khan
3. 03. Genghis
4. 04. Kublai
5. 05. steppe
6. 06. yurt
7. 07. plague
8. 08. epidemic
9. 09. quarantine
10. 10. Crusade
11. 11. trade
12. 12. Eurasia

Vocabulary (8)

• khann.social

  A Mongol ruler.

  e.g. Genghis Khan united the Mongol tribes.

• steppen.social

  A vast grassland of Central Asia.

  e.g. Mongols mastered the steppe on horseback.

• plaguen.science

  A deadly contagious disease.

  e.g. The bubonic plague killed millions.

• quarantinen.science

  Separation to stop disease spread.

  e.g. Venice invented modern quarantine.

• datan.math

  Information collected for study.

  e.g. Display data on a graph.

• displayn.math

  A visual representation of data.

  e.g. Choose a display that fits your data.

• publishv.ela

  To share writing with an audience.

  e.g. Publish the final essay.

• Crusaden.social

  A medieval military campaign with religious aims.

  e.g. The Crusades reopened trade routes.

Spelling list (12)

1. 01. civilization
2. 02. democracy
3. 03. empire
4. 04. republic
5. 05. philosophy
6. 06. monastery
7. 07. feudalism
8. 08. innovation
9. 09. pilgrimage
10. 10. legacy
11. 11. synthesis
12. 12. portfolio

Vocabulary (8)

• legacyn.social

  What is handed down from the past.

  e.g. Greek philosophy is part of our legacy.

• synthesisn.ela

  Combining ideas into a new whole.

  e.g. Write a synthesis essay.

• portfolion.ela

  A collection of your best work.

  e.g. Submit your year-end portfolio.

• perspectiven.ela

  A point of view.

  e.g. Compare two perspectives on the same event.

• reflectv.ela

  To think carefully about your work.

  e.g. Reflect on what you learned.

• argumentn.ela

  A claim with reasoning and evidence.

  e.g. Defend your argument with sources.

• evidencen.ela

  Facts that support a claim.

  e.g. Use textual evidence.

• citationn.ela

  A note showing where information came from.

  e.g. Add citations in MLA format.